Dharma talks given by Gil Fronsdal and various guest speakers at the Insight Meditation Center. Each talk illuminates aspects of the Buddha's teachings. The purpose is the same that the Buddha had for his teachings, to guide us toward the end of suffering and the attainment of freedom. To learn more about the Insight Meditation Center, visit our website at https://www.insightmeditationcenter.org/.
…
continue reading
Mindfulness Insight meditation (Satipatthana Vipassana) and Buddhist teachings/Dhamma Talks as taught through the Theravada Buddhism tradition. Sayar Myat gives Dhamma talks on teachings of the Buddha as well as instructions on Pure Vipassana meditation as prescribed by the Venerable Mahasi Sayadaw. Visit the YouTube Channel at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ5tPybGb9wm03HdeLIjARA Website: www.satipatthana.ca For Donations and Memberships visit: https://satipatthana.ca/donation/
…
continue reading
Early Buddhist Monk Your kind pilot, doctor, guide, helper, mother, drill, and foremost friend :-)
…
continue reading
…
continue reading
YouTube video link: https://youtu.be/xbbKetDHTTA?si=nIoNHF2knKSPAMiA Visit the YouTube Channel at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ5tPybGb9wm03HdeLIjARA Website: www.satipatthana.ca For Donations and Memberships visit: https://satipatthana.ca/donation/저자 Satipatthana Meditation Society of Canada
…
continue reading
![Artwork](/static/images/128pixel.png)
1
141: Retreat Dhamma Talk 36: Four Dominant Causes for Supreme Peace
50:13
50:13
나중에 재생
나중에 재생
리스트
좋아요
좋아요
50:13
YouTube video link: https://youtu.be/jbSqHFEWKj0?si=ccqC5r4bIiJhuTq6 Visit the YouTube Channel at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ5tPybGb9wm03HdeLIjARA Website: www.satipatthana.ca For Donations and Memberships visit: https://satipatthana.ca/donation/저자 Satipatthana Meditation Society of Canada
…
continue reading
YouTube video link: https://youtu.be/qNwEtSfDGHE?si=klvYa-KnKkFvkr70 Visit the YouTube Channel at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ5tPybGb9wm03HdeLIjARA Website: www.satipatthana.ca For Donations and Memberships visit: https://satipatthana.ca/donation/저자 Satipatthana Meditation Society of Canada
…
continue reading
![Artwork](/static/images/128pixel.png)
1
139: Retreat Dhamma Talk 34: Labeling/Noting during Mindfulness-Insight Practice
43:19
43:19
나중에 재생
나중에 재생
리스트
좋아요
좋아요
43:19
YouTube video link: https://youtu.be/rBd_ahjC8kE?si=Vs0KvUyt8qXTPJ-0 Visit the YouTube Channel at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ5tPybGb9wm03HdeLIjARA Website: www.satipatthana.ca For Donations and Memberships visit: https://satipatthana.ca/donation/저자 Satipatthana Meditation Society of Canada
…
continue reading
![Artwork](/static/images/128pixel.png)
1
138: Retreat Dhamma Talk 33: Four Types of Clear Comprehension
56:00
56:00
나중에 재생
나중에 재생
리스트
좋아요
좋아요
56:00
YouTube video link: https://youtu.be/I0ebNj8GdoM?si=HetstxWiQDW9TAW0 Visit the YouTube Channel at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ5tPybGb9wm03HdeLIjARA Website: www.satipatthana.ca For Donations and Memberships visit: https://satipatthana.ca/donation/저자 Satipatthana Meditation Society of Canada
…
continue reading
![Artwork](/static/images/128pixel.png)
1
137: Retreat Dhamma Talk 32: Sampajanna (Clear Comprehension)
51:27
51:27
나중에 재생
나중에 재생
리스트
좋아요
좋아요
51:27
YouTube video link: https://youtu.be/6kZU6if3Q7U?si=JvFP0H90lYmpq1Yy Visit the YouTube Channel at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ5tPybGb9wm03HdeLIjARA Website: www.satipatthana.ca For Donations and Memberships visit: https://satipatthana.ca/donation/저자 Satipatthana Meditation Society of Canada
…
continue reading
![Artwork](/static/images/128pixel.png)
1
136: Retreat Dhamma Talk 31: Heedfulness- With Repetition and a Resolute Mind
54:19
54:19
나중에 재생
나중에 재생
리스트
좋아요
좋아요
54:19
YouTube video link: https://youtu.be/noosAwztgfI?si=aU6doDawMeQqtXKd Visit the YouTube Channel at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ5tPybGb9wm03HdeLIjARA Website: www.satipatthana.ca For Donations and Memberships visit: https://satipatthana.ca/donation/저자 Satipatthana Meditation Society of Canada
…
continue reading
(Barre Center for Buddhist Studies)저자 Devon Hase
…
continue reading
(Barre Center for Buddhist Studies)저자 Nico Hase
…
continue reading
![Artwork](/static/images/128pixel.png)
1
Devon Hase: The Long Perfect Loveliness of Sow: A Talk on Metta
48:06
48:06
나중에 재생
나중에 재생
리스트
좋아요
좋아요
48:06
(Barre Center for Buddhist Studies)저자 Devon Hase
…
continue reading
(Barre Center for Buddhist Studies)저자 Devon Hase
…
continue reading
![Artwork](/static/images/128pixel.png)
1
134: Retreat Dhamma Talk 29: Powerful Mental Development & Seven Factors of Enlightenment
51:42
51:42
나중에 재생
나중에 재생
리스트
좋아요
좋아요
51:42
YouTube video link: https://youtu.be/o8Q7Sf_Gtso?si=FnYcyZlSZasyo6Vs Visit the YouTube Channel at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ5tPybGb9wm03HdeLIjARA Website: www.satipatthana.ca For Donations and Memberships visit: https://satipatthana.ca/donation/저자 Satipatthana Meditation Society of Canada
…
continue reading
![Artwork](/static/images/128pixel.png)
1
133: Retreat Dhamma Talk 28: Yogi and Mental Culture
1:00:40
1:00:40
나중에 재생
나중에 재생
리스트
좋아요
좋아요
1:00:40
YouTube video link: https://youtu.be/8S6wda58WXA?si=uERySkRhRzHkEphC Visit the YouTube Channel at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ5tPybGb9wm03HdeLIjARA Website: www.satipatthana.ca For Donations and Memberships visit: https://satipatthana.ca/donation/저자 Satipatthana Meditation Society of Canada
…
continue reading
YouTube video link: https://youtu.be/z2LcCAL0EvA?si=9DDtyEWfERL1Alzg Visit the YouTube Channel at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ5tPybGb9wm03HdeLIjARA Website: www.satipatthana.ca For Donations and Memberships visit: https://satipatthana.ca/donation/저자 Satipatthana Meditation Society of Canada
…
continue reading
![Artwork](/static/images/128pixel.png)
1
131: Retreat Dhamma Talk 26: Purification and Heedfulness
51:59
51:59
나중에 재생
나중에 재생
리스트
좋아요
좋아요
51:59
YouTube video link: https://youtu.be/2XXeDphLWa0?si=uM-loDrJM-y7lZGr Visit the YouTube Channel at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ5tPybGb9wm03HdeLIjARA Website: www.satipatthana.ca For Donations and Memberships visit: https://satipatthana.ca/donation/저자 Satipatthana Meditation Society of Canada
…
continue reading
![Artwork](/static/images/128pixel.png)
1
Ayya Santussika: Morning Day 6: Brahmavihara Meditation, Practice Q&A, Refuges and Precepts
1:59:02
1:59:02
나중에 재생
나중에 재생
리스트
좋아요
좋아요
1:59:02
(Barre Center for Buddhist Studies)저자 Ayya Santussika
…
continue reading
![Artwork](/static/images/128pixel.png)
1
Ayya Santussika: Morning Day 6: Chanting and Meditation
32:51
32:51
나중에 재생
나중에 재생
리스트
좋아요
좋아요
32:51
(Barre Center for Buddhist Studies)저자 Ayya Santussika
…
continue reading
![Artwork](/static/images/128pixel.png)
1
Ayya Santussika: Evening Day 5: Cankisutta Practice Q&A
2:23:10
2:23:10
나중에 재생
나중에 재생
리스트
좋아요
좋아요
2:23:10
(Barre Center for Buddhist Studies)저자 Ayya Santussika
…
continue reading
![Artwork](/static/images/128pixel.png)
1
Ayya Santussika: Afternoon Day 5: Transcendent Dependent Arising
1:07:52
1:07:52
나중에 재생
나중에 재생
리스트
좋아요
좋아요
1:07:52
(Barre Center for Buddhist Studies)저자 Ayya Santussika
…
continue reading
![Artwork](/static/images/128pixel.png)
1
Ayya Santussika: Morning Day 5: Q&A Meditation Instruction and Everything Else
1:20:58
1:20:58
나중에 재생
나중에 재생
리스트
좋아요
좋아요
1:20:58
(Barre Center for Buddhist Studies)저자 Ayya Santussika
…
continue reading
![Artwork](/static/images/128pixel.png)
1
Ayya Santussika: Morning Day 5: Anapanasati Meditation with Guidance
48:46
48:46
나중에 재생
나중에 재생
리스트
좋아요
좋아요
48:46
(Barre Center for Buddhist Studies)저자 Ayya Santussika
…
continue reading
![Artwork](/static/images/128pixel.png)
1
Ayya Santussika: Evening Chanting Day 4: May I Abide in Well-being
3:53
3:53
나중에 재생
나중에 재생
리스트
좋아요
좋아요
3:53
(Barre Center for Buddhist Studies)저자 Ayya Santussika
…
continue reading
![Artwork](/static/images/128pixel.png)
1
Ayya Santussika: Evening Day 4: Seeing the Un-beautiful as Beautiful
1:44:28
1:44:28
나중에 재생
나중에 재생
리스트
좋아요
좋아요
1:44:28
(Barre Center for Buddhist Studies) Evening Day 4: Seeing the Unbeautiful as Beautiful저자 Ayya Santussika
…
continue reading
![Artwork](/static/images/128pixel.png)
1
Ayya Santussika: Afternoon Day 4: Kamma, 4 Powers vs. 5 Fears
42:56
42:56
나중에 재생
나중에 재생
리스트
좋아요
좋아요
42:56
(Barre Center for Buddhist Studies)저자 Ayya Santussika
…
continue reading
![Artwork](/static/images/128pixel.png)
1
Ayya Santussika: Morning Day 4: Meditation / Contemplation of Non-Self
52:58
52:58
나중에 재생
나중에 재생
리스트
좋아요
좋아요
52:58
(Barre Center for Buddhist Studies)저자 Ayya Santussika
…
continue reading
![Artwork](/static/images/128pixel.png)
1
Ayya Santussika: Morning Chanting and Meditation Day 4
28:14
28:14
나중에 재생
나중에 재생
리스트
좋아요
좋아요
28:14
(Barre Center for Buddhist Studies)저자 Ayya Santussika
…
continue reading
![Artwork](/static/images/128pixel.png)
1
129: Retreat Dhamma Talk 24: Refined Heedfulness: Objective and Responsibility
42:05
42:05
나중에 재생
나중에 재생
리스트
좋아요
좋아요
42:05
YouTube video link: https://youtu.be/3-L2SbdABWg?si=U3yQUQ8N2xhUWO2j Visit the YouTube Channel at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ5tPybGb9wm03HdeLIjARA Website: www.satipatthana.ca For Donations and Memberships visit: https://satipatthana.ca/donation/저자 Satipatthana Meditation Society of Canada
…
continue reading
![Artwork](/static/images/128pixel.png)
1
128: Retreat Dhamma Talk 23: Noble Desire for Superior Heedfulness
55:53
55:53
나중에 재생
나중에 재생
리스트
좋아요
좋아요
55:53
YouTube video link: https://youtu.be/8aKsWxj17Ss?si=tvGxVDyrK35LmWis Visit the YouTube Channel at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ5tPybGb9wm03HdeLIjARA Website: www.satipatthana.ca For Donations and Memberships visit: https://satipatthana.ca/donation/저자 Satipatthana Meditation Society of Canada
…
continue reading
![Artwork](/static/images/128pixel.png)
1
127: Retreat Dhamma Talk 22: Heedfulness with Respect, in a Seamless and Unbroken Way
54:41
54:41
나중에 재생
나중에 재생
리스트
좋아요
좋아요
54:41
YouTube video link: https://youtu.be/shTeQbOYX5E?si=XWUJcImPcVW-sfgx Visit the YouTube Channel at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ5tPybGb9wm03HdeLIjARA Website: www.satipatthana.ca For Donations and Memberships visit: https://satipatthana.ca/donation/저자 Satipatthana Meditation Society of Canada
…
continue reading
![Artwork](/static/images/128pixel.png)
1
126: Retreat Dhamma Talk 21: Heedfulness and Sense Pleasure (Apamada and Kamma Guna)
57:43
57:43
나중에 재생
나중에 재생
리스트
좋아요
좋아요
57:43
YouTube video link: https://youtu.be/5jszy8wxZPw?si=29pL2Eb8Uy2XucyJ Visit the YouTube Channel at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ5tPybGb9wm03HdeLIjARA Website: www.satipatthana.ca For Donations and Memberships visit: https://satipatthana.ca/donation/저자 Satipatthana Meditation Society of Canada
…
continue reading
YouTube video link: https://youtu.be/-Y7OZalbPig?si=IM3Pmeq_Zf1Z-pOh Visit the YouTube Channel at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ5tPybGb9wm03HdeLIjARA Website: www.satipatthana.ca For Donations and Memberships visit: https://satipatthana.ca/donation/저자 Satipatthana Meditation Society of Canada
…
continue reading
YouTube video link: https://youtu.be/mzFXbY5JdXQ?si=rSZTx3FyqvUkF1jv Visit the YouTube Channel at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ5tPybGb9wm03HdeLIjARA Website: www.satipatthana.ca For Donations and Memberships visit: https://satipatthana.ca/donation/저자 Satipatthana Meditation Society of Canada
…
continue reading
![Artwork](/static/images/128pixel.png)
1
123: Retreat Dhamma Talk 18: Becoming a Skillful Meditator: Five Phases Needed to Accomplish
58:26
58:26
나중에 재생
나중에 재생
리스트
좋아요
좋아요
58:26
YouTube video link: https://youtu.be/kIpiU1lHhQo?si=5JLD7rxBE3pMGLIT Visit the YouTube Channel at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ5tPybGb9wm03HdeLIjARA Website: www.satipatthana.ca For Donations and Memberships visit: https://satipatthana.ca/donation/저자 Satipatthana Meditation Society of Canada
…
continue reading
![Artwork](/static/images/128pixel.png)
1
122: Retreat Dhamma Talk 17: Summary on Right Mindfulness (Samma Sati)
53:37
53:37
나중에 재생
나중에 재생
리스트
좋아요
좋아요
53:37
YouTube video link: https://youtu.be/8WnmSYJstgY?si=BDfQmATgU0iEJyVh Visit the YouTube Channel at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ5tPybGb9wm03HdeLIjARA Website: www.satipatthana.ca For Donations and Memberships visit: https://satipatthana.ca/donation/저자 Satipatthana Meditation Society of Canada
…
continue reading
YouTube video link: https://youtu.be/XMJ-CS1OTr8?si=s2zUakJE5i1dqs0G Visit the YouTube Channel at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ5tPybGb9wm03HdeLIjARA Website: www.satipatthana.ca For Donations and Memberships visit: https://satipatthana.ca/donation/저자 Satipatthana Meditation Society of Canada
…
continue reading
Youtube video link: https://youtu.be/oEISbiNXnas?si=REjqfK_qENlChRPT Visit the YouTube Channel at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ5tPybGb9wm03HdeLIjARA Website: www.satipatthana.ca For Donations and Memberships visit: https://satipatthana.ca/donation/저자 Satipatthana Meditation Society of Canada
…
continue reading
![Artwork](/static/images/128pixel.png)
1
119: Retreat Dhamma Talk 14: From Mental Defilements to Wisdom
49:55
49:55
나중에 재생
나중에 재생
리스트
좋아요
좋아요
49:55
YouTube video link: https://youtu.be/Y9v1sFfgWSM?si=XOKv6eJHKYU7nOea Visit the YouTube Channel at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ5tPybGb9wm03HdeLIjARA Website: www.satipatthana.ca For Donations and Memberships visit: https://satipatthana.ca/donation/저자 Satipatthana Meditation Society of Canada
…
continue reading
![Artwork](/static/images/128pixel.png)
1
118: Retreat Dhamma Talk 13: The Beauty of Mindfulness
54:00
54:00
나중에 재생
나중에 재생
리스트
좋아요
좋아요
54:00
YouTube video link: https://youtu.be/pusADNE598A?si=4MtRQI5sB__0JEn8 Visit the YouTube Channel at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ5tPybGb9wm03HdeLIjARA Website: www.satipatthana.ca For Donations and Memberships visit: https://satipatthana.ca/donation/저자 Satipatthana Meditation Society of Canada
…
continue reading
![Artwork](/static/images/128pixel.png)
1
117: Retreat Dhamma Talk 12: Five Qualities Needed for Successful Meditation
59:27
59:27
나중에 재생
나중에 재생
리스트
좋아요
좋아요
59:27
YouTube video link: https://youtu.be/ARFOf_j03Nc?si=u3xZYKYdx2KwXha7 Visit the YouTube Channel at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ5tPybGb9wm03HdeLIjARA Website: www.satipatthana.ca For Donations and Memberships visit: https://satipatthana.ca/donation/저자 Satipatthana Meditation Society of Canada
…
continue reading
![Artwork](/static/images/128pixel.png)
1
116: Retreat Dhamma Talk 11: Developing Concentration (11 Ways)
58:15
58:15
나중에 재생
나중에 재생
리스트
좋아요
좋아요
58:15
YouTube video link: https://youtu.be/mCtLXv3huoU?si=szSIvvzO_pXQ04RL Visit the YouTube Channel at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ5tPybGb9wm03HdeLIjARA Website: www.satipatthana.ca For Donations and Memberships visit: https://satipatthana.ca/donation/저자 Satipatthana Meditation Society of Canada
…
continue reading
![Artwork](/static/images/128pixel.png)
1
115: Retreat Dhamma Talk 10: A Snapshot of the Foundation of Mindfulness
50:24
50:24
나중에 재생
나중에 재생
리스트
좋아요
좋아요
50:24
YouTube video link: https://youtu.be/InfEKgSvcJI?si=Qe5P9CAB3iyGUpxZ Visit the YouTube Channel at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ5tPybGb9wm03HdeLIjARA Website: www.satipatthana.ca For Donations and Memberships visit: https://satipatthana.ca/donation/저자 Satipatthana Meditation Society of Canada
…
continue reading
![Artwork](/static/images/128pixel.png)
1
114: Retreat Dhamma Talk 9: Defilements (Kilesa): The Executioner
55:09
55:09
나중에 재생
나중에 재생
리스트
좋아요
좋아요
55:09
YouTube video link: https://youtu.be/-exUjmxUiX4?si=yseO2a8fGTb2G3bm Visit the YouTube Channel at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ5tPybGb9wm03HdeLIjARA Website: www.satipatthana.ca For Donations and Memberships visit: https://satipatthana.ca/donation/저자 Satipatthana Meditation Society of Canada
…
continue reading
![Artwork](/static/images/128pixel.png)
1
113: Retreat Dhamma Talk 8: Freedom from Laziness (Akusita)
50:57
50:57
나중에 재생
나중에 재생
리스트
좋아요
좋아요
50:57
YouTube viodeo link: https://youtu.be/8B3HriKmg-8?si=1hIxePCRAp2STUdI Visit the YouTube Channel at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ5tPybGb9wm03HdeLIjARA Website: www.satipatthana.ca For Donations and Memberships visit: https://satipatthana.ca/donation/저자 Satipatthana Meditation Society of Canada
…
continue reading
![Artwork](/static/images/128pixel.png)
1
112: Retreat Dhamma Talk 7: The Correct Method of Observation
57:52
57:52
나중에 재생
나중에 재생
리스트
좋아요
좋아요
57:52
Visit the YouTube Channel at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ5tPybGb9wm03HdeLIjARA Website: www.satipatthana.ca For Donations and Memberships visit: https://satipatthana.ca/donation/저자 Satipatthana Meditation Society of Canada
…
continue reading
![Artwork](/static/images/128pixel.png)
1
111: Retreat Dhamma Talk 6: The Five Aggregates in Real Time
57:44
57:44
나중에 재생
나중에 재생
리스트
좋아요
좋아요
57:44
YouTube video link: https://youtu.be/kUmWroLyAv0?si=9OPmphA7HGl24hYF Visit the YouTube Channel at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ5tPybGb9wm03HdeLIjARA Website: www.satipatthana.ca For Donations and Memberships visit: https://satipatthana.ca/donation/저자 Satipatthana Meditation Society of Canada
…
continue reading
![Artwork](/static/images/128pixel.png)
1
110: Retreat Dhamma Talk 5: Root Causes of Birth and Death
1:01:08
1:01:08
나중에 재생
나중에 재생
리스트
좋아요
좋아요
1:01:08
YouTube video link: https://youtu.be/yxXd_GAhGWI?si=vVPKgcZFPAuE_DQ4 Visit the YouTube Channel at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ5tPybGb9wm03HdeLIjARA Website: www.satipatthana.ca For Donations and Memberships visit: https://satipatthana.ca/donation/저자 Satipatthana Meditation Society of Canada
…
continue reading
![Artwork](/static/images/128pixel.png)
1
109: Retreat Dhamma Talk 4: Why a Yogi / Meditator Needs to be in the Present Moment
53:19
53:19
나중에 재생
나중에 재생
리스트
좋아요
좋아요
53:19
YouTube video link: https://youtu.be/KeJzLq0-oH0?si=F-kPJG0E8386klXD Visit the YouTube Channel at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ5tPybGb9wm03HdeLIjARA Website: www.satipatthana.ca For Donations and Memberships visit: https://satipatthana.ca/donation/저자 Satipatthana Meditation Society of Canada
…
continue reading
YouTube video link: https://youtu.be/2XAK4xmthio?si=VT0Yu_p_DhJKlixE Visit the YouTube Channel at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ5tPybGb9wm03HdeLIjARA Website: www.satipatthana.ca For Donations and Memberships visit: https://satipatthana.ca/donation/저자 Satipatthana Meditation Society of Canada
…
continue reading
![Artwork](/static/images/128pixel.png)
1
107: Retreat Dhamma Talk 2: Sensual Desire (Kama Suka)
44:29
44:29
나중에 재생
나중에 재생
리스트
좋아요
좋아요
44:29
YouTube video link: https://youtu.be/532K-jgTaWQ?si=y6-xmi0sBwK1XfkI Visit the YouTube Channel at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ5tPybGb9wm03HdeLIjARA Website: www.satipatthana.ca For Donations and Memberships visit: https://satipatthana.ca/donation/저자 Satipatthana Meditation Society of Canada
…
continue reading
![Artwork](/static/images/128pixel.png)
1
106: Retreat Dhamma Talk 1: Taking Refuge in the Buddha, Dhamma and Sangha
55:40
55:40
나중에 재생
나중에 재생
리스트
좋아요
좋아요
55:40
YouTube video link: https://youtu.be/iad8ZckzrOo?si=40ZSARYbia-IBdQN Visit the YouTube Channel at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ5tPybGb9wm03HdeLIjARA Website: www.satipatthana.ca For Donations and Memberships visit: https://satipatthana.ca/donation/저자 Satipatthana Meditation Society of Canada
…
continue reading