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Transduction Secondary Receptors

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Manage episode 293594077 series 2859788
Hopewell Valley Student Publications Network에서 제공하는 콘텐츠입니다. 에피소드, 그래픽, 팟캐스트 설명을 포함한 모든 팟캐스트 콘텐츠는 Hopewell Valley Student Publications Network 또는 해당 팟캐스트 플랫폼 파트너가 직접 업로드하고 제공합니다. 누군가가 귀하의 허락 없이 귀하의 저작물을 사용하고 있다고 생각되는 경우 여기에 설명된 절차를 따르실 수 있습니다 https://ko.player.fm/legal.

My AP Biology Thoughts

Unit 4 Cell Communication and Cell Cycle

Welcome to My AP Biology Thoughts podcast, my name is Morgan and I am your host for episode #89 called Unit 4 Cell Communication and Cell Cycle: transduction; secondary receptors. Today we will be discussing secondary receptors and their role in the signal transduction

Segment 1: Introduction to transduction pathways

In signal transduction, there are three things that are necessary for the cell to do.

  • First, the signal, or ligand, must bind to the receptor, either on the cell's surface or inside the membrane. This is the first component, which is known as reception.
  • From there, the transduction occurs, where proteins are activated, and it is the component that includes secondary messengers.
  • Lastly, the transduction pathway eventually elicits a response from the cell, which is the overall goal of cell signaling. This response can be anything from activating an enzyme to initiating apoptosis, which is programmed cell death.

After the ligand binds to its receptor and changes the shape, the cell sets off with a series of signaling events, all designed to amplify the signal and eventually reach a response. This chain of events is what we call the transduction pathway. The first way transduction occurs is through protein phosphorylation, where a series of proteins are activated by phosphorylases. The other way transduction can occur is by secondary messengers, so let's learn more about those!

Segment 2: More About secondary messengers

Secondary messengers are small molecules that are specifically not proteins, although proteins play a huge role in the cell cycle. These secondary messengers are the ones that receive the signal from the first ligand when it binds to its receptor. The signal, or ligand, is thought of as the first messenger, so these little molecules that pick up and carry along the signal are therefore secondary messengers. Two examples of secondary messengers are calcium ions and cyclic AMP.

First, calcium in the form of Ca2+ ions are a very common secondary messenger in cells. They are stored in the endoplasmic reticulum, which is purposeful so they are isolated from the rest of the cell until they are needed and released. The pathway starts with a signal that binds to and opens one of the ligand-gated calcium ion channels in the cell. With an open ion channel, calcium ions from the extracellular space are able to flow freely into the cell and greatly increase the concentration of Ca2+ ions in the cytoplasm. From there, the abundance of calcium ions bind with various proteins in the cell, changing their shape and function to initiate a response. Secondary messengers are nonspecific, so the signals can lead to many types of responses based on the proteins present and type of cell.

The next example of a secondary messenger is cyclic AMP. Cyclic AMP is made when an enzyme gets a specific signal and converts ATP into the new molecule of cyclic AMP, also referred to as cAMP. Once it is made from the ATP, cAMP activates protein kinase A, a molecule that phosphorylates other proteins and passes along the signal to produce different responses.

Segment 3: Connection to the Course

Secondary messengers have many connections to this unit of cell communication and the cell cycle, as well as the overall biology course. To start, it is important to understand signal transduction pathways and the three components before diving deeper into secondary messengers. We must know the purpose of these signaling pathways, as well as how they are started and what happens, which would be our three components of reception, transduction, and response.

Additionally, we know that the purpose of secondary messengers is to amplify a signal and achieve a response, which we can see physically by responses in our body. For example, one of the secondary messengers we talked about earlier was calcium, which has a specific signaling pathway in beta cells of the pancreas. A signal of high blood glucose levels hits the cell and is amplified by the secondary messenger Ca2+ which triggers the release of insulin to be released into the bloodstream. Another example of a physical response to cell signaling would come from secondary messenger calcium ions in muscle cells, which elicit the response of muscle contraction.

Lastly, secondary messengers used in signaling pathways can be present in the cell cycle itself. If there is damaged DNA, a signal might be sent to fix it, or if the problem persists the cell might initiate apoptosis. These signals can be received by secondary messengers and passed along to initiate the needed response. On the other hand, if the cell is going through the cycle without problems, the signal sent might be to activate a CDK and push the cell into the next phase, another example of a signal that can be amplified and carried on by secondary messengers.

Thank you for listening to this episode of My AP Biology Thoughts. For more student-ran podcasts and digital content, make sure that you visit www.hvspn.com. See you next time!

Music Credits:

  • "Ice Flow" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
  • Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License
  • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Subscribe to our Podcast

Apple Podcasts

Spotify

Google Podcasts

YouTube

Connect with us on Social Media

Twitter @thehvspn

  continue reading

130 에피소드

Artwork
icon공유
 
Manage episode 293594077 series 2859788
Hopewell Valley Student Publications Network에서 제공하는 콘텐츠입니다. 에피소드, 그래픽, 팟캐스트 설명을 포함한 모든 팟캐스트 콘텐츠는 Hopewell Valley Student Publications Network 또는 해당 팟캐스트 플랫폼 파트너가 직접 업로드하고 제공합니다. 누군가가 귀하의 허락 없이 귀하의 저작물을 사용하고 있다고 생각되는 경우 여기에 설명된 절차를 따르실 수 있습니다 https://ko.player.fm/legal.

My AP Biology Thoughts

Unit 4 Cell Communication and Cell Cycle

Welcome to My AP Biology Thoughts podcast, my name is Morgan and I am your host for episode #89 called Unit 4 Cell Communication and Cell Cycle: transduction; secondary receptors. Today we will be discussing secondary receptors and their role in the signal transduction

Segment 1: Introduction to transduction pathways

In signal transduction, there are three things that are necessary for the cell to do.

  • First, the signal, or ligand, must bind to the receptor, either on the cell's surface or inside the membrane. This is the first component, which is known as reception.
  • From there, the transduction occurs, where proteins are activated, and it is the component that includes secondary messengers.
  • Lastly, the transduction pathway eventually elicits a response from the cell, which is the overall goal of cell signaling. This response can be anything from activating an enzyme to initiating apoptosis, which is programmed cell death.

After the ligand binds to its receptor and changes the shape, the cell sets off with a series of signaling events, all designed to amplify the signal and eventually reach a response. This chain of events is what we call the transduction pathway. The first way transduction occurs is through protein phosphorylation, where a series of proteins are activated by phosphorylases. The other way transduction can occur is by secondary messengers, so let's learn more about those!

Segment 2: More About secondary messengers

Secondary messengers are small molecules that are specifically not proteins, although proteins play a huge role in the cell cycle. These secondary messengers are the ones that receive the signal from the first ligand when it binds to its receptor. The signal, or ligand, is thought of as the first messenger, so these little molecules that pick up and carry along the signal are therefore secondary messengers. Two examples of secondary messengers are calcium ions and cyclic AMP.

First, calcium in the form of Ca2+ ions are a very common secondary messenger in cells. They are stored in the endoplasmic reticulum, which is purposeful so they are isolated from the rest of the cell until they are needed and released. The pathway starts with a signal that binds to and opens one of the ligand-gated calcium ion channels in the cell. With an open ion channel, calcium ions from the extracellular space are able to flow freely into the cell and greatly increase the concentration of Ca2+ ions in the cytoplasm. From there, the abundance of calcium ions bind with various proteins in the cell, changing their shape and function to initiate a response. Secondary messengers are nonspecific, so the signals can lead to many types of responses based on the proteins present and type of cell.

The next example of a secondary messenger is cyclic AMP. Cyclic AMP is made when an enzyme gets a specific signal and converts ATP into the new molecule of cyclic AMP, also referred to as cAMP. Once it is made from the ATP, cAMP activates protein kinase A, a molecule that phosphorylates other proteins and passes along the signal to produce different responses.

Segment 3: Connection to the Course

Secondary messengers have many connections to this unit of cell communication and the cell cycle, as well as the overall biology course. To start, it is important to understand signal transduction pathways and the three components before diving deeper into secondary messengers. We must know the purpose of these signaling pathways, as well as how they are started and what happens, which would be our three components of reception, transduction, and response.

Additionally, we know that the purpose of secondary messengers is to amplify a signal and achieve a response, which we can see physically by responses in our body. For example, one of the secondary messengers we talked about earlier was calcium, which has a specific signaling pathway in beta cells of the pancreas. A signal of high blood glucose levels hits the cell and is amplified by the secondary messenger Ca2+ which triggers the release of insulin to be released into the bloodstream. Another example of a physical response to cell signaling would come from secondary messenger calcium ions in muscle cells, which elicit the response of muscle contraction.

Lastly, secondary messengers used in signaling pathways can be present in the cell cycle itself. If there is damaged DNA, a signal might be sent to fix it, or if the problem persists the cell might initiate apoptosis. These signals can be received by secondary messengers and passed along to initiate the needed response. On the other hand, if the cell is going through the cycle without problems, the signal sent might be to activate a CDK and push the cell into the next phase, another example of a signal that can be amplified and carried on by secondary messengers.

Thank you for listening to this episode of My AP Biology Thoughts. For more student-ran podcasts and digital content, make sure that you visit www.hvspn.com. See you next time!

Music Credits:

  • "Ice Flow" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
  • Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License
  • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Subscribe to our Podcast

Apple Podcasts

Spotify

Google Podcasts

YouTube

Connect with us on Social Media

Twitter @thehvspn

  continue reading

130 에피소드

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